The Canop-E Project

Ahmed Suleiman is an Omani Farmer. He lives in a small settlement near Matrah, a few miles off the Omani capital of Muscat. Ahmed Suleiman works hard on his fields to grow food grains and also runs a shop in his town. Ahmed Suleiman's town has erratic power supply. Last year he lost a major part of his crop because of drought. The aquifer that his town was using went dry. Coupled with electricity woes it was impossible for Suleiman to save his crops. The sun shines intensely on the Omani landscape making it one of the most drought prone areas in the region. Today morning while walking to his shop after attending to his field, Suleiman fainted on the road due to the intense heat. The Passer-bys helped him up and gave him a little water. This incident was not new for either Suleiman or the Passer-bys. In his town almost every other day, some or the other person faints due to heat exhaustion. A few even die due to Sun strokes caused by the heat. Suleiman's wife Farah is concerned and worried for her husband.

It is strange that with present day 21st century technology and know-how we have not been able to harness the energy around us. But there is a way out. We can build a structure which will harness solar and wind power. Additionally it will provide water harvesting facilities for remote settlements. At the same time it will also protect the inhabitants of settlements from rain, sunlight and inclement weather the idea is Revolutionary as much as it is simple. it is fantastic as much as it is audacious.

I call it the Canop-E (pronounced C-A-N-O-P-Y). 'E' stands for Energy, Environment and Ecology.

The idea is to build a huge canopy of 1 Square Kilometre area 500 feet above the ground supported by around a hundred or more evenly spaced heavy duty pillars. The canopy will have solar panels installed on the outer aspect which will be exposed to the sunshine. The canopy will also be interspersed with small in wind turbines to harness wind power that will flow through the canopy in pre-designed gaps. Rain falling on the outer aspect of the canopy will be harvested. It will be led through pipes within the supporting pillars and collected below. An entire town can be located below the canopy. Buildings as high as 15 storeys can be easily built under the canopy.

There are several Benefits in building  the Canop-E.

Energy

The canopy will cover an area of 1 square kilometer. That is almost 250 acres of area (247 to be exact). It will be about the size of more than 170 football fields. The earth receives solar energy of around 1361 watts per square meter at the upper atmosphere. At sea level, the energy obtained per square meter is about 1000 watts per square meter. It means that the Earth receives more solar energy in one hour then the energy consumed by all human beings in one year. If we can harness a fraction of that power, our energy problems will be solved. Enter Canop-E.

The Canop-E will have a collective area of more than 1 Square Kilometer. That is 10 Million square feet of floor space calculation show that there is a capacity of 1 gigawatt of solar energy that can be harnessed in this area. Even at 40-50% efficiency of solar panels (which or now being scaled up) almost 500 Mega Watts of power can be generated for 12 hours of sunshine around 6 Giga Watt hours (Gwh) of energy can be harvested per day. Depending on the place where it is constructed this translates to about half to one and a half million Dollars' worth of power generated/saved per day. That  comes to around 200 million to Half a Billion Dollars per year. The material from which the Canop-E will be constructed can be built in panels and assembled on the canopy rooftop. We can use 1 to 2 meters thick polyurethane or hard Polyethylene plates/sheets. They are lightweight and the entire canopy will weigh around 10,000-15,000 tonnes. They can be supported by appropriately spaced and built pillars (either concrete or otherwise) 500 feet tall. Once the Canop-E is built, the wind patterns of the area will put immense stress on the structure. It will be like opening a sheet 170 football fields large. The winds will try to blow away the entire Canopy. But we must view this as an opportunity. Gaps will be provided in certain places for winds to pass through to and from the canopy. This is like providing holes in the very large sheet that we visualized. Only, the holes will contain small turbines which will rotate as the winds pass through it. These turbines will produce electricity as they rotate. Faster the wind more the electricity generated. Solar energy generated from such a structure alone will be about 2 Terawatt hours (Twh) per year. Electricity consumed by Oman per year is about 13.25 Terawatt hours. 7-8 such structures can easily provide most of the electricity for a country like Oman.

Water Harvesting

The average rainfall around Muscat is about 10 centimeters per year. if the canopy can harness this water it will amount to more than 1,00,000 tons of water (One Hundred thousand tonnes) of water harvested every year. This will be enough water for a small town. But the best use of water will be in the hydroponic factories under the canopy. Other countries with more rainfall can harvest more rainwater.

City Planning

Entire settlements with buildings, schools, parks, roads etc can be housed under the canopy. At an average usage of 25,000 kilowatt hours per year for every inhabitant, the canopy can easily house a population of more than 10,000 people. Appropriately spaced and sized glass panels throughout the canopy we let adequate sunlight to the ground below. Because intense sun rays won't reach the ground, the town under the canopy will be cool and comfortable to live in. Hydroponic units in buildings under the canopy will use the harvested energy and water to grow food for the inhabitants of the canopy City. In fact the canopy will produce surplus food which can earn revenue for the living unit that is built under the canopy. Because rain does not reach the ground, people will be protected from inclement weather.

Using Prefabrication Technology

The cost of setting up solar panels will be around 70 cents per watt. That comes to around 400 to 700 million Dollars. The light plastic roofing along with the support structure will cost another hundred million Dollars. The hundred pillars might cost anywhere from 200 million to 500 million Dollars depending on the place, method and materials used in construction. a total of 1.5-2 Billion US Dollar will be the cost of building the canopy. But the return will be obtained in around 3-5 years only considering energy, water and the food harvested by the canopy. To reduce the cost of construction prefabrication technology can be used to the maximum. The canopy panels, solar panels, Pillar material, Foundation material, framework superstructure, pipelines etc. can be prefabricated in assembly line Manner. This will save a lot of labor transport and material costs and also minimize wastage.

There are several advantages to the Canop-E living units.

1.   Countries with arid regions can set up canopy in those places remote settlements will be greatly benefited by the Canop-E.

2.   A canopy unit will cost around 1.5 Billion US Dollars to build.It is estimated that 1 Billion Dollars in investment creates 25,000 to 30,000 permanent jobs.Building Canop-E units will create hundreds of thousands of jobs.

3.   Renewable energy usage will increase. This will reduce the carbon footprint of the nation that builds Canop-E units. Agriculture efficiency will improve as hydroponic units will produce more food in lesser area using renewable energy sources. Since the area under the Canop-E will be cooler in the surroundings cooling costs like air conditioning and watering is saved

4.   Cool comfortable living units- the land under the canopy is protected from the vagaries of nature therefore they will be very comfortable places to live in.

Canop-E units can be built on the outskirts of large cities. Once built, a part of investment can be recouped by parceling and selling land under the canopy at appropriate prices. People will be free to build their own living units i.e. houses, offices etc. within given specifications. Some areas will be earmarked for hydroponic units. The government can move some of its officers to under the canopy to encourage habitation. Energy intensive factories can be set up under the canopy. The canopy can sell energy during the day and buy it during night-time. This will even out the energy loads on the system. Canopy living units can be set up wherever there are arid areas with enough sunlight. Central Asian countries, Chinese and Indian Hinterlands, African Sahara, parts of North America, South America and Australia are ideal places where Canopy units can provide lot of benefits and ease the life of the people living in that area. 

Dr Kartik Hegadekatti

is a published Author and Administrator focused on Infrastructure and Development. His Books Include- How To Win Quiz; 501 Quiz Q&A; FUTURE TRACK INDIA; You Can Succeed In IAS

THE K-Y PROTOCOL: THE FIRST PROTOCOL FOR THE REGULATION OF CRYPTO CURRENCIES (E.g.-Bitcoin)

Dr.Kartik H, Dr.Yatish S.G

            Authors’ Email: dr.kartik.h@gmail.com ; dryatish.blr@gmail.com

Abstract- Crypto currencies like Bitcoin are gaining prominence as a medium of exchange. They have several benefits like very low transaction cost, fungibility etc. But Crypto currencies are also identified with their use in crimes, illegal activities and speculation. Part of the reason for their prominence as well as notoriety is the fact that they have no Sovereign Backing whatsoever and also because they are decentralized. To make Crypto currencies acceptable by the people and also curb their misuse, the authors have proposed a protocol containing a set of standards and procedures. By using this procedure, any nation can create its own Sovereign Backed crypto currency called NationCoin. A commission will be established which will hold a certain quantum of money loaned by the Government. This loaned money will provide the Sovereign backing to the Crypto Currency. A Controlled Block Chain Protocol is used. The Genesis Block of several NationCoins is then provided to the banks in the country to use them for interbank settlements. These Interbank transactions will lead to the mining (generation) of additional NationCoins by the commission which will hold it without releasing it to the public. Once there are sufficient numbers of NationCoins so as to be equal to the loaned amount unit-for-unit, it shall be released to the public for use.

 

INTRODUCTION

A Crypto currency is a storage of some value and a medium of exchange. It uses cryptographic techniques to protect transactions and also manage the generation of money.

Crypto currencies are decentralized, meaning that it is outside the control of central banks. Crypto currencies also have a decentralized ledger system which makes it possible to verify and confirm transactions over the entire network. It also makes possible for each unit of crypto currency to be tracked right from creation to the most recent transaction. They are outside the control of central Banks, and are explicitly NOT RECOGNISED. As such, they are outside the ambit of regulation. The absence of regulation no doubt makes the system free from the supervision of Governments and appears to give more freedom and rights to the people using Crypto currencies. The privacy, anonymity and personal space appear to be "enhanced" in the absence of regulation. But since they are unregulated, Crypto currencies have been misused for money laundering and criminal activities by various antisocial elements. The personal freedom and rights that were “enhanced” due to the absence of regulation will be usurped by powerful antisocial elements that do not respect any law or have any ethical considerations.

To protect people’s rights and also optimize economic activity, it is necessary to regulate Crypto currencies. But we need to do it in a way that it eliminates all (or a majority) of the shortcomings of Crypto currencies. At the same time we need to enhance its benefits. People tend to think of decentralization as an inherent, inseparable character of Crypto currencies. They are led to believe that the Crypto currency concept will fail if regulation and sovereign backing is introduced. But debates around Crypto currencies tend to discount the fact that it is possible and feasible to regulate Crypto currencies.

Bitcoin is the first and most famous Crypto currency. It has recently gained widespread usage. But it is not regulated or backed by any sovereign authority and is thus susceptible to misuse.

Advantages of a Regulated and Sovereign Backed (RSB) Crypto currency-

1)      Minimal or no transaction cost to the public- The people can use the RSB Crypto currency without any trepidation as it will be guaranteed by the Government. Nil transaction cost is the basic feature of a crypto currency. Lack of transaction cost will allow seamless and unhindered exchange of money leading to increased economic activity. It will also leave more money in the hands of the public.

2)      Money Accountability- It will be possible for Governments to account for all the money in the system. This way, the counterfeit and parallel economy can be curbed, Money laundering can be detected and flow of money to possible illegal activities can be monitored.

3)      No need of Bank Accounts- Banks need to be paid to maintain bank accounts. Bank accounts also need to have a minimum balance so as to be viable. But Crypto currencies do not need accounts. Having only a digital wallet is enough.RSB crypto currencies can be maintained in digital wallets at no cost to the owners.

4)      Easy transfer of funds-Governments can transfer funds or social security benefits to citizens’ wallets in an instant, free of cost. Citizens’ digital wallets can be linked to their social security number or other Government mandated IDs.

5)      Easy Taxation- A person’s money holding can be inferred by the Government when necessary. The Government can automatically deduct taxes without the need for people to file tax returns. It can wind up its tax collecting infrastructure and invest those resources somewhere else.

6)      Certification- Assets can be certified, recorded and maintained using the same protocols that a RSB crypto currency will use. The protocol for RSB crypto currency will be called as Controlled Block Chain.

(A Controlled Block chain is different from a Block Chain per se [1]. A Block Chain is a permissionless Distributed Database, whereas a Controlled Block Chain will be Permission Based. The Permission here being provided by the Sovereign Authority.)

7)      Price stability-Presently, crypto currencies like Bitcoin are highly volatile. This is because a lack of backing has led to rampant speculation. Consequently, Bitcoin has undergone many Boom-and-bust cycles. RSB crypto currencies will provide stability in value so as to be a reliable medium of exchange.

8)      Manageable Deflationary and Inflationary indices- Because RSB crypto currency will be backed by Government; it will have a manageable inflation and deflation index.

9)      Environmental advantage- Printing currency notes and maintaining them in circulation is costly both for the economy as well as the environment. In the long run, RSB crypto currencies will replace paper currency. It will thus save a lot of trees from being cut and used for paper.

10)  Easy convertibility- People from one country will be able to invest more freely in other countries. This will lead to the emergence of a loan market which is highly competitive. This will make cheap and safe credit available to the neediest. This is presently not possible due to existing monetary, fiscal and distance barriers.

THE K-Y PROTOCOL

The K-Y Protocol aims to make Regulated and Sovereign Backed (RSB) Crypto currencies a practical reality. The authors have designed this protocol carrying their initials in abbreviated form as the name of the protocol. The Protocol consists of a set of rules and procedures.

(*)NationCoin- abbreviated as NC, it is a generalized designation for any RSB Crypto currency (RSBC). For example USA's RSB Crypto currency can be called USCoin, India’s as IndiaCoin, China’s as ChinaCoin etc. Each nation can have only one NationCoin i.e. RSB Crypto currency.

Since various countries have currencies of their own with differing Exchange rates, we have defined a NationCoin Unit as-

One NationCoin Unit=One NationCoin X Exchange rate of the currency with the US Dollar.

For example, in case of Rupee IndiaCoin unit

One IndiaCoinUnit      = 1 IndiaCoin X 68 = 68 IndiaCoins.

One ChinaCoinUnit     = 6.5 ChinaCoins

One EuroCoinUnit       = 0.88 EuroCoins

One JapanCoinUnit     = 112 JapanCoins

One BritishCoinUnit    = 0.69 BritishCoins

(1 USD=0.88 Euros= 0.69 Pounds= 112 Yen= 6.5 Chinese Yuan= 68 Indian Rupees; as on 12/02/2016)

Note that NationCoin Unit is different from NationCoin. A NationCoin Unit is generic in nature. One NationCoin Unit is always equal to one US Dollar. Whereas One NationCoin is equal to one unit of native currency in that particular nation.

The K-Y Protocol is as follows

1.      The Government of the country wanting to introduce the NationCoin will first setup the “DIGITAL ASSETS RESERVE” (DAR) by passing a law or amending existing laws as need be. It will also setup the “DIGITAL ASSETS REGULATION & EXCHANGE COMMISSION” (DAREC) which initially will have no role to play. Later on, when NationCoin becomes established as a primary mode of transaction, DAREC will play the role of an impartial regulator. The NATIONAL LEDGER DATABASE (NLD) is also created. It will be closely linked with the DAR. It will keep track of the transactions in its Block Chain Ledger whose copies will be distributed throughout the Network Nodes.

2.      By a separate funding from the Government, DAR will setup “Grid Computing Clusters” with several nodes throughout the country. These networks will not be open to the public. These are the nodes that will mine the NationCoins. This will be done by “DATA – DIGITAL ASSETS TRACKING & ADMINISTRATION” which will be the technical wing and technical assistance arm of the DAR.

3.      The Government will provide the DAR $10 million worth of loans. This will form The Corpus- to be used to back NationCoins.

4.      DATA will also help the banks in the country to setup NationCoin compatible with softwares. DATA will create block chain protocols for NationCoin.

5.      The RESERVE will be the entity which will Sovereign stamp the Crypto Currencies and give it the RSB (Regulated and Sovereign Backed) certification. It will be an integral part of the DAR.

 

6.      The networks so formed will be tested in trial runs involving NationCoin transactions, interest payments and exchange procedures. This is the System Configuration Stage.

7.     The Government will provide a soft loan of $10 million worth of assets in any form (either in $ or National currency) to the DAR. This $10 million will be called “THE CORPUS”.

8.   When the corpus is in place it will be securely locked up physically in vaults and the “GENESIS BLOCK” (the First Block in the Block chain) of 50,000 NationCoin Units (NCUs) will be generated.

9.    The 50,000 NationCoins will be provided to the banks for their daily interbank clearances. These 50,000 NationCoins will be pegged to $10 million in the Corpus giving each NationCoin a value of $200. This Backing will be certified by the Governor of DAR.

10.Banks will be mandated to use these NationCoins in their Intra-day and Inter-day settlements and 

    clearances. For this purpose, Banks will be provided their own NationCoin wallets maintained by DATA. 

11.Each Bank is mandated to use at least 25 cents worth of NationCoins per $100 in settlements and  

     interbank transactions.

12.These transactions will be verified by DATAs Network nodes. Once verified, these will be categorized 

      into blocks of between 45 kb to 85 kb and “Mined”. The Mining will be done by DATA system only and

      will not be open to public. Once mined, 190 NationCoins will be generated every 10 minutes. Therefore 

      the Block time for each block will be 10 minutes. Reward per block will be 190 NationCoin units.

13.  The NationCoins so mined will go into HOLDING. HOLDING is a Digital vault of DAR which is not connected to the public Network and will not to be released to the banks either. The NationCoins in HOLDING are not yet sovereign backed.

14. The DAR will hold the NationCoins in HOLDING until it accumulates 9.95 Million NationCoins. Along with the 50,000 NationCoins used by banks, there are now a total of 10 million NationCoins altogether.

15.  When there are 10 Million NationCoins in Toto, it reaches the next crucial stage called the Equation.

16.  Equation: When there are 9.95 Million NationCoins, DAR will start pegging its Corpus to the 9.95 Million NationCoins that it holds. Once sovereign stamped and certified, these 10 Million NationCoins will be exactly equal to $10 Million in the Corpus. When one NationCoin Unit= One Dollar in the Corpus, then Equation is said to have been achieved.

[*As mentioned earlier, since various countries have currencies of their own with differing Exchange rates, we have defined a NationCoin Unit.

One NationCoin Unit=One NationCoin X Exchange rate of the currency with                                                                                               the US Dollar.

For example, in case of Rupee IndiaCoin unit

One IndiaCoin Unit = 1 X 68 IndiaCoins =68 IndiaCoins.

10 Million Dollars=10 Million IndiaCoin Units=680 Million IndiaCoins=680 Million Rupees

Therefore, when there are 680 Million IndiaCoins, each IndiaCoin will be equal to One Indian Rupee and Equation is said to have reached. In case of Yen, Equation will be attained at 1,120 Million JapanCoins, for Euro it will be 8.8 Million EuroCoins, For Chinese Yuan it will be 65 Million ChinaCoins and so on.]

17.Once Equation is reached, two things will happen in parallel.

1.      First Parallel: - DAR will release this 10 Million NationCoin Units to the Banking System in 4 phases over a period of 4 weeks. 2.5 Million NationCoin Units will be released every week. This is necessary so as to release NationCoins Units in a controlled manner without overloading or harming the Computing Systems.

2.      Second Parallel: This is the most important step. A process called Scaling is initiated. The number of NationCoin Units mined per Block is increased to more than 15 times the mining rate per block before Equation. The block size will also dramatically increase due to the large number of inter-bank transactions that will be taking place (as more and more NCUs are pumped into the system).The block size will increase to around 5 MB. The Block time will reduce from 10 minutes to 1 minute and number of NationCoin Units mined per block will be 2,850 NCUs. Thus the total rate of NationCoin generation will increase by 150 times the rate it was before Equation.

18. All the NCUs mined will flow into the HOLDING and is not backed in any manner. It will not be released to the public. But Banks can buy them by paying requisite currency which will go into the Corpus and an equivalent number of NCUs are released.

Equation is important for several reasons.

1.For the sake of public convenience, One Dollar has to be equal to One NationCoin Unit. The public may get confused with any other value and this may cause chaos and panic leading to adverse economic outcomes. By Equation, we ensure that people still identify One Dollar with One NationCoin Unit.

[Incase of Euro, 1 Euro   =1 EuroCoin

                Yen, 1 Yen   =1 JapanCoin

            Rupee, 1 Rupee=1 IndianCoin

           Pound, 1 Pound =1 BritishCoin and so on]

2.Say, for instance 1 NationCoin Unit is equal to 2 Dollars, then speculators may see 1 NationCoin Unit as more valuable and may begin to hoard it, this will cause many problems for the society both in long and short term.

3.In case, One Dollar is equal to 2 NationCoin Units, people may see NationCoins as less valuable and may not prefer to use it for transaction. Then the whole idea of RSB Crypto currency will become impractical.

      Freshly Mined NationCoin Units will not be backed by anything and as such will have no value. They are put into Holding. HOLDING will always contain non-backed NationCoin Units. These non-backed NationCoin Units will have a unique identity that sets them apart from RSB NCUs. The non-backed NCUs, when backed, will be certified as Backed NCUs by the DAR. These Backed NCUs, after Sovereign Stamping and Certification will be known as RSB NCUs. As soon as they are backed, they will undergo a change in their identity which will make them recognisable by the DAR and other Network nodes as RSB NCUs, fit for use in transactions.

 

This change in identity and certification will happen electronically in the Reserve.

19. Equation will happen one year after the Genesis Block. Scaling will start immediately after Equation.

20. From the end of first year to the end of second year around 1.5 Billion NCUs (NationCoin Units) will be generated which will be put in HOLDING.

21. From the beginning of the third year the Government can start paying a small part (around 1%) of the Government salaries through RSB NCUs. Say, the Government decides to pay 1million NCUs as salary. It will provide $1 million to the DAR. DAR will then provide 1million RSB NCUs to the Government to pay salaries.

22. The National Coin Wallets (NCW) of employees will be created and maintained by DATA free of cost. This NCW will be linked to the social security number or any ID system depending on the country (In case of the US it will be linked to the Social Security Number. In case of India it will be linked to PAN number).

23. Joe is a Government employee drawing $10,000 per month as salary. The Government decides to pay 1% of salaries in NCUs i.e. $ 9,900 will be in Dollar form and $100 worth in NCUs. Now Joe decides that he does not want NCUs. All that he has to do is access his bank account via internet and give back NCUs to the DAR (There will be a facility provided for this purpose). The DAR will credit $100 into Joe’s account in lieu of 100NCUs.

24.Say Joe wants to transfer $1000 to Alice; he can do it in Dollars by paying around 25 cents as transaction cost. But if he transfers 1000 NCUs to Alice, he can do it freely without any transaction cost. International transaction costs of money transfers in native currencies will be even higher. But for RSB NCUs it will be minimal or zero.

25. The Bitcoin Protocol follows the practice of halving, every 4 hours the number of bitcoins mined per block will halve. This will go on till there are 21million Bitcoins in the system. But for RSB NCUs, this is not the case. The RSB NCUs' primary objective is to make it widely utilized among the public. As such we need a large supply of RSB NCUs so as to replace a proportion of paper currency in circulation. For this reason, the RSB NCUs will undergo a process called Doubling.

26. Doubling: One year after Scaling has taken place, the process of Doubling will occur. Block time will remain 1 minute only. Number of NCUs mined per block will now be 5,700 NCUs (it was 2,850 NCUs after Scaling). The block size may (or may not be depending on number of transaction) double to 10MB.

27.All the NCUs mined will follow the process of flowing into the Holding, to be backed and certified in the Reserve when funds flow into the CORPUS or as and when mandated by the Government(on being provided equivalent backing in currency).

28. All this time, the NLD (National Ledger Database) whose copy is present in all the nodes of the DAR network is promptly updated from time-to-time duly following the Controlled Block Chain protocol. The NLD keeps track of all RSB NCUs through its NCU ledger.

29. The DAR shall aim for replacement portion of around 50% of all total currency in circulation over a period of 10 years.

30. For the US Dollar, at present rates it will take about 8-10 years to replace half the currency in circulation by USCoin.

31. Linkage: Linkage here means that the NationCoin is allowed to be freely traded in the International Market. When around 50%of circulating currency is RSB NCUs, then Linkage with international markets can be allowed.50% replacement is necessary so as to have a robust amount of NCUs which will not be affected by minor speculation. For the purpose of Linkage, NLD copies will be uploaded into satellites, so that they will act as a network node. For example take JapanCoin, if Joe sends a JapanCoin from Argentina to Alice who is in South Africa, the transaction is recorded and beamed to a Network Node in space (Japanese satellite). This will in turn update all other nodes in Japan, thus upgrading the Ledger.

31. Later on, every national capital can host at least one network node of every other nation as part of a diplomatic treaty.

32. Once Linkage occurs, the Government (through the DAR of the country) can decide if it allows a “Free float” of its NCU or a “Managed Float”.

33. In case of free float, market forces will determine the value of NCUs whereas in case of Managed float, DAR will allow the rates to float up to a particular range. Beyond that range it will manage NCU rates as it presently manages its native paper currency.  

34. After a certain level is reached, say 50% of total circulating currency, Doubling can be stopped and NationCoins generated at a steady rate every year, accounting for inflation if necessary. Eventually RSB NCUs will replace paper currencies to a large extent.

35. RSB Crypto Currencies can also be introduced at the International Level. A WorldCoin can be created based on the K-Y Protocol. Only, the WorldCoin will be backed by SDRs (Special Drawing Rights) of the IMF. Exchange rates of various NationCoins vis-à-vis the WorldCoin will decide the inter-relations between the several RSB Crypto Currencies.

CONCLUSION

We have proposed a system for the creation of Regulated and Sovereign Backed (RSB) Crypto currencies. They will eventually replace, to a large extent, paper currencies of their respective nations. We began with the setting up of the Digital Assets Reserve which will be a sovereign authority. The first cache of NationCoins generated in the Genesis Block will be given to banks for their internal settlements. This will ensure that the system continues to generate NationCoins subsequent to transaction verification as per the Controlled Block Chain Protocol. It will also test the robustness of the system before the NationCoins are released to the public.

Equation defines the unit-for-unit equivalency of NationCoin Units with the native currency. Scaling after Equation is used to cater to the huge demand that the Crypto currency will face. Doubling is aimed at replacement of the currency with NationCoins. Linkage will enable the NationCoin to be used across borders.

The unique feature of The K-Y Protocol is that it can be used by any sovereign authority to create a credible RSB Crypto Currency. The people stand to benefit from all the advantages accruing from such a currency. Nations with a larger and more diverse economy will take longer to shift to NationCoins from paper currencies as the common medium of exchange. Smaller Economies can shift faster.

To make the NationCoin secure, several security features at various stages have been incorporated. Holding, Corpus Backing, Sovereign Stamping, Certification and National Ledger Database are some of the built-in security features. Hence it has a Multi-tiered security structure. The introduction of RSB NationCoins will usher in an era of Cashless Liquidity. The National Ledger Database can also be used for Non-Financial Block Chain uses where object ownership is decoupled from functional Utility.

ABBREVIATIONS

DAR-Digital Assets Reserve

DAREC-Digital Assets Regulation and Exchange Commission

DATA- Digital Assets Tracking and Administration

K-Y Protocol- Kartik-Yatish Protocol

NCU- NationCoin Units

NCW-National Coin Wallet

NLD-National Ledger Database

RSB-Regulated and Sovereign Backed

References

 [1] Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System-Satoshi Nakamoto